The newest 20 of 25 written questions. Open one to see it on the real paper.
In mammals, water and some dissolved substances move from the blood in capillaries into tissue fluid. Describe and explain the formation of tissue fluid in a capillary network.
See it on the paper →Fig. 9.1 shows a longitudinal section of a human kidney. X Y Fig. 9.1 X Name the regions of the kidney labelled X and Y in Fig. 9.1.
See it on the paper →Use the information in Fig. 6.2 to describe the effect of increasing pCO 2 on the percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen.
See it on the paper →State the name given to the effect you have described in part (iii). (iv)
See it on the paper →Explain the advantage to the mammal of the effect you described in part (iii). The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concer...
See it on the paper →After surgery, the wall of the great saphenous vein becomes thicker. Suggest and explain why it is important for the wall of the vein to become thicker after surgery.
See it on the paper →Dromedary camels are classified in the family Camelidae and live in desert habitats of North Africa and Asia. In these hot, dry environments, dromedary camels can lose up to 30% of their body mass from dehydration, causing their blood to become more viscous (thicker). Fig. 2.1 shows a drawing of red blood cells of a dr...
See it on the paper →With reference to Fig. 4.2, describe the trends in air temperature and milk yield from April to August.
See it on the paper →Many dairy farmers in tropical regions use cattle breeds that are tolerant to heat stress (heat-tolerant cattle). These heat-tolerant cattle: • • can tolerate higher air temperatures than Holstein Friesian cattle before heat stress occurs have milder symptoms of heat stress than Holstein Friesian cattle for the same hi...
See it on the paper →Haemoglobin is involved in the transport of carbon dioxide. Molecules of carbon dioxide enter red blood cells as the cells travel in capillaries through muscle tissue. Some of these molecules are converted to carbonic acid. Explain how haemoglobin is involved in the transport of carbon dioxide molecules that are not co...
See it on the paper →When haemoglobin associates (binds) with oxygen it forms oxyhaemoglobin. State the precise site in the mammalian body where haemoglobin molecules bind with oxygen.
See it on the paper →Use the information in Fig. 3.2 to describe the effect of an increase in the concentration of 2,3‑DPG on the oxygen dissociation curve.
See it on the paper →Blood is stored in blood banks for use in hospitals during operations. The concentration of 2,3‑DPG in red blood cells decreases when blood is stored in a blood bank. State and explain the effect that the use of blood taken from a blood bank has on the supply of oxygen to the tissues of a person during an operation.
See it on the paper →State the name of the compound indicated by X.
See it on the paper →State the precise location in the heart of the sinoatrial node.
See it on the paper →Describe the changes in mean percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen and the mean haemoglobin concentration in blood as altitude increases.
See it on the paper →With reference to Table 3.1, suggest how the people living at high altitude can have an oxygen concentration in blood leaving the lungs similar to that of the people living at sea level.
See it on the paper →Compare the results for day 1 with the results for day 14 in Table 4.1 and explain the results shown for day 14.
See it on the paper →State the feature visible in Fig. 3.1 that identifies the structure in the centre of the image as the bronchus and list other visible features that help to confirm this identification. feature to identify the bronchus other features
See it on the paper →Explain how an increase in pCO 2 produces the Bohr effect and state the benefit of this effect for the tissue.
See it on the paper →Many candidates stated that carbon dioxide binds to haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin. Strong responses provided more detail and explained that a molecule of carbon dioxide reacts with the amine group at the end of each of the polypeptides in haemoglobin. A common error was to name carboxyhaemoglobin instead of carbaminohaemoglobin. Some remembered to mention dissociation of carbon dioxide...
— Examiner report, October/November 2023, 9700/23 Q3(b) (Cambridge)
The question asked candidates to state the precise site where haemoglobin molecules bind with oxygen. Despite this, many candidates gave imprecise answers such as ‘the lungs’ or ‘alveoli’ rather than identifying the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
— Examiner report, October/November 2023, 9700/23 Q3(c) (Cambridge)
Good answers stated that the oxygen dissociation curve shown in Fig. 3.2 shifts to the right and that haemoglobin is less saturated at each partial pressure of oxygen. Many of these candidates gained full credit by using data taken from Fig. 3.2. A good number took the cue from the information provided and stated that the P50 is higher when the concentration of 2,3-DPG increases and used data from...
— Examiner report, October/November 2023, 9700/23 Q3(d)(i) (Cambridge)
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