Leadership and management: past paper questions
Real questions on leadership and management
The newest 20 of 58 written questions. Open one to see it on the real paper.
- 9990/32 · May/June 2026 · Q14a[2]
Outline one of Muczyk and Reimann’s ‘four styles of leader behaviour’.
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · May/June 2026 · Q14b[2]
Explain one reason why Muczyk and Reimann’s ‘four styles of leader behaviour’ is nomothetic.
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · May/June 2026 · Q15a[2]
Using Kelley’s ‘followership’: (i) Explain which followership style Ron needs in the baker. (ii) Explain which followership style Ron needs in the packer. Do not use the followership style you suggested in 15(a)(i) in your answer.
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · May/June 2026 · Q15b[2]
Explain one strength of Kelley’s ‘followership’.
See it on the paper → - 9990/41 · May/June 2026 · Q7b[2]
Suggest one way that the supervisor’s leadership capacity could be investigated, other than the measure you described in 7(a).
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · February/March 2026 · Q13[4]
Collette is the manager of a factory. She is going to implement one of Kouzes and Posner’s five leadership practices. Collette plans to use ‘model the way’ to become a better manager to her employees at the factory. Suggest two ways that Collette could use ‘model the way’ to become a better manager to her employees at...
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · February/March 2026 · Q15a(i)[2]
Suggest one reason why Sally may be able to become a better manager, using a behavioural theory of leadership.
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · February/March 2026 · Q15a(ii)[2]
Suggest one reason why Sally may not be able to become a better manager, using a universalist theory of leadership.
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · February/March 2026 · Q15b[2]
Explain one weakness of a behavioural theory of leadership.
See it on the paper → - 9990/42 · October/November 2025 · Q8a[2]
Outline what is meant by a ‘private’ level of leadership.
See it on the paper → - 9990/42 · October/November 2025 · Q8b[2]
Suggest one closed question that a worker could be asked to investigate a leader’s private level of leadership.
See it on the paper → - 9990/42 · October/November 2025 · Q8c[4]
Explain two weaknesses of asking workers about their leader’s private level of leadership. Section B Answer one question from this section. Clinical Psychology
See it on the paper → - 9990/31 · May/June 2025 · Q14b[2]
Explain one reason why Scouller’s levels of leadership theory supports the nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate.
See it on the paper → - 9990/32 · May/June 2025 · Q16a[6]
Describe the study by Cuadrado et al. (2008) on leadership style and gender.
See it on the paper → - 9990/33 · May/June 2025 · Q14b[2]
Explain one reason why Scouller’s levels of leadership theory supports the nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate.
See it on the paper → - 9990/43 · October/November 2024 · Q11c(iii)[2]
Explain one reason for your choice of interview format. Organisational Psychology
See it on the paper → - 9990/41 · May/June 2024 · Q7a(i)[2]
State the two independent variables in this experiment.
See it on the paper → - 9990/41 · May/June 2024 · Q7a(ii)[2]
Outline one dependent variable in this experiment.
See it on the paper → - 9990/41 · May/June 2024 · Q7b[2]
Suggest one method that could be used to study women’s access to managerial positions, other than a laboratory experiment.
See it on the paper → - 9990/41 · May/June 2024 · Q7c[4]
Explain two weaknesses of conducting a laboratory experiment to measure women’s access to managerial positions.
See it on the paper →
What examiners said
Comprehensive responses • Candidates frequently provided two different examples of how Collette could show good practice that other could imitate. • Examples of this included showing how to operate machinery which the workers could copy, arrive at work on time to encourage employees to do the same and participate in meetings showing colleagues respect so employees have respectful meetings and know...
— Examiner report, February/March 2026, 9990/32 Q13 (Cambridge)
Comprehensive responses • A clear outline of how a behavioural model of leadership could be taught to Sally such as teaching her how to be more relationship focused. Limited responses • A brief outline with no reference made to Sally training to be a better leader.
— Examiner report, February/March 2026, 9990/32 Q15(a)(i) (Cambridge)
Comprehensive responses • Candidates recognised that universalist theories of leadership state that leadership is innate and not learned so that Sally would not be able to learn these even if she attended a course. • Often referred to a trait that Sally could not learn such as charisma. Limited responses • Gave a brief outline that often stated that leaders are born not made with no clear referen...
— Examiner report, February/March 2026, 9990/32 Q15(a)(ii) (Cambridge)
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